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SS Elbe (1881)
SS ''Elbe'' was built in the Govan Shipyard of John Elder & Company, Ltd, Glasgow, in 1881 for the Norddeutscher Lloyd of Bremen.〔(A description of the ship and incident by Jan Lettens 06/08/2007 )〕 The ''Elbe'' had a 3 cylinder compound engine which provided power to her single-screw propeller. She was a fast ship for her time, being able to reach the speed of 15 knots, but small cargo capacity, along with her high consumption of coal, would soon make her uneconomical. She had a straight bow, two funnels and four masts.〔(Ship's description )〕 She was launched on 2 April 1881, the first of a series of eleven express steamers known as the "Rivers Class", as they were all named after German rivers. After sea trials she made her maiden voyage on 26 June 1881, leaving Bremen for New York via Southampton. The ''Elbe'' had accommodation for 179 First Class passengers, 142 in Second Class, and 796 in Steerage. She was a very popular ship with immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe to the United States and was virtually always sold out in steerage. The ''Elbe'' spent most of the next ten years working the North Atlantic service, but she also made three voyages to Adelaide in Australia, two of which were in December 1889 and 1890.
==Disaster in the North Sea==
The night of 30 January 1895 was stormy.〔(Description of the disaster from Suffolk County Council )〕 In the North Sea, conditions were freezing and there were huge seas. SS ''Elbe'' had left Bremerhaven for New York earlier in the day with 354 passengers aboard. Also at sea on this rough night was the steamship ''Crathie'', sailing from Aberdeen in Scotland, heading for Rotterdam. As conditions grew worse, the ''Elbe'' discharged warning rockets to alert other ships to her presence. The ''Crathie'' either did not see the warning rockets or chose to ignore them. She did not alter her course, with such disastrous consequences, that she struck the liner on her port side with such force that whole compartments of the ''Elbe'' were immediately flooded. The collision happened at 5.30 am and most of the passengers were still asleep.The ''Elbe'' began to sink immediately and the captain, von Gossel, gave the order to abandon ship. Amid great scenes of panic the crew managed to lower two of the ''Elbe'''s lifeboats. One of the lifeboats capsized as too many passengers tried in vain to squeeze into the boat. Twenty people scrambled into the second lifeboat, of whom 15 were members of the crew. The others were four male second-class passengers and a young lady’s maid by the name of Anna Boecker, who had been lucky enough to be pulled from the raging sea after the first boat had capsized. Meanwhile on the other side of the ''Elbe'', Captain von Gossel had ordered all the women and children to assemble there but no other lifeboats were launched because the ropes on the derricks were all frozen up, and so they perished along with the captain. Within 20 minutes of the collision, the ''Elbe'' had sunk and the only survivors were the 20 people in the one surviving lifeboat. These people now had to endure mountainous seas and below-zero temperatures and they were 50 miles from land. Things looked bleak; the ''Elbe'''s distress rockets had not been seen by any passing vessels and so no one knew of their predicament. After five hours in the raging storm, their luck changed. A fishing smack from Lowestoft called the ''Wildflower'' found them. In desperate conditions the crew of the ''Wildflower'' struggled to pull the 20 survivors from the lifeboat, which had begun to break up. The skipper, William Wright, said later that the survivors would not have lasted another hour in those conditions, and believed that the only reason they had stayed alive for five hours was the expertise of the ''Elbe'''s crewmen aboard the lifeboat.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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